Loaded nanoparticles (NPs) that contain drugs instead of directly loading drugs is common macrophage-based drug delivery systems. The reason is that loaded NPs can reduce the toxicity of drugs to macrophages and, therefore, enhance the drug loading ratio. In the treatment, macrophages deliver NP-based therapeutics into the tumor site. Once recruited into the tumor, the macrophages can maintain the cargo NPs and then migrate/chemotaxis to the hypoxic regions of the tumor. Once in place, the NP-based therapeutic function could be initiated, resulting in total tumor destruction.

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